Biochar carbon removal has gained prominence as a measurable and scalable pathway within the broader carbon dioxide removal landscape. Its central premise is deceptively simple: convert biomass into a stable carbon-rich solid and store it in soils or other durable reservoirs. The controversy begins when time enters the equation. How long the carbon remains sequestered, and how confidently that duration can be claimed, remains a point of sustained debate. Carbon Removal and th

Oily sludge pyrolysis has become a strategically important treatment pathway for hazardous residues generated by petroleum extraction, storage, and refining activities. These sludges contain complex mixtures of hydrocarbons, water, solids, and trace contaminants, posing persistent environmental and regulatory challenges. While pyrolysis offers volume reduction and resource recovery advantages, compliance assurance remains the defining factor for operational legitimacy. A well