Oil-based mud (OBM) is commonly used in drilling operations, particularly in the petroleum industry, due to its superior performance in high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. OBM consists of a mixture of oil and various chemicals, including barite and other additives, designed to lubricate drilling equipment, control wellbore pressure, and prevent wellbore instability. However, OBM presents significant environmental challenges, particularly with respect to disposal. D

Tar formation and subsequent fouling represent one of the most persistent operational challenges in thermochemical biomass conversion. During biochar production, volatile organic compounds released from biomass can undergo secondary reactions that generate condensable, high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons commonly referred to as tar. These substances tend to accumulate within piping, heat exchangers, and gas handling systems, leading to flow obstruction, heat transfer inefficie

Continuous pyrolysis technology has long been positioned as the industrial endpoint for thermochemical waste conversion. Compared to batch systems, continuous operation promises higher throughput, improved thermal efficiency, and more stable product output. However, despite its theoretical advantages, large-scale deployment of continuous pyrolysis systems remains constrained by a series of technical, economic, and operational barriers. The transition from pilot-scale validati

Establishing a plastic pyrolysis project in the United States faces significant regulatory hurdles. The U.S. maintains a fragmented regulatory landscape where federal, state, and local agencies impose overlapping requirements on waste management, emissions control, and industrial operations. A pyrolysis plant handling post-consumer plastic must comply with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and Clean Air Act